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中學(xué)生英語寫作訓(xùn)練策略初探
中學(xué)生英語寫作訓(xùn)練策略初探中學(xué)生英語寫作訓(xùn)練策略初探
寫的技能在外語教學(xué)中有重要意義，是外語教學(xué)所要達(dá)到的目的之一，同時(shí)又是重要的教學(xué)手段。隨著新教材的推廣使用以及高考命題的改革，書面表達(dá)已在試題中占有相當(dāng)比重。寫作是英語知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)的需要，更是交際的需要。
目前，中學(xué)外語寫作基本處于 correct writing (正確寫作）階段。嚴(yán)格地講，correct writing 還不屬于real writing (真實(shí)寫作）。真實(shí)寫作必須是 effective writing (有效寫作）。它要求作者利用各種修辭、造句和謀篇手段有效地表達(dá)見聞，情感和思想。而 correct writing 只需使用正確的語言表達(dá)限定的寫作內(nèi)容，如看圖作文、提示作文或補(bǔ)充原文等。這種寫作不需要作者構(gòu)思及組織文章，只要文章的單詞拼寫無誤、語法正確、語言通順、表面內(nèi)容完整，基本上就可以達(dá)到要求。 Correct writing 的目的是學(xué)習(xí)使用書面語言，它為下一步 effective writing 奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，是邁向真實(shí)寫作的重要一步。鑒于外語教學(xué)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)， correct writing 將不能滿足中學(xué)外語教學(xué)的需要，篇章寫作將會(huì)成為一個(gè)新的、更重要的目標(biāo)。中學(xué)生英語寫的能力總的發(fā)展訓(xùn)練過程應(yīng)依次為：字母書寫訓(xùn)練、單詞拼寫訓(xùn)練、句子結(jié)構(gòu)訓(xùn)練、寫段與作文訓(xùn)練。相應(yīng)的 具體練習(xí)方法由 controlled writing 到 guided writing 及 free writing 。
1. Controlled writing
教師在這一階段設(shè)計(jì)的練習(xí)不宜過難。通常以 combining 和 substitution 的形式出現(xiàn)。例如：
Task 1: Rewrite these descriptions using "and", "as well as" and "with"
a. He has grey hair. He has long beard.
b. She is a slim blond woman. She has blue eyes.
c. She has an round face. She has wavy hair. She has brown eyes. She has a healthy body.
Task 2: Reordering words: Write the sentences correctly.
We / six o'clock / and / tea /drink / get up / at
Sometimes / medicines / injection / them / we / or / give
教師可以告訴學(xué)生上面的句子描述了一個(gè)護(hù)士每天早上起床后要做的事情，做完練習(xí)后根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況 寫幾個(gè)句子。
Task 3: 教師可根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容設(shè)計(jì)寫作練習(xí)。例如學(xué)習(xí)了 Albert Einstein 一文后， 可以讓學(xué)生把有關(guān)愛因斯坦的生平列出如下, 然后教師讓學(xué)生用 relative clauses 連句成段.
a.. Einstein was a great physicist. b. He was born in Germany in 1879
c. He developed an important theory. d. It is called the theory of relativity.
e. He went to live in the USA in 1935 to escape the Nazis. f. He continued his work in the USA.
g. The Nazis took power in Germany. h. He died there in 1955..A.
2. Guided writing
Guided writing 起到了 controlled writing 與 free writing 的橋梁作用。因此，它通常出現(xiàn)在 prewriting 與 controlled writing 之后。在 guided writing activities 中，我們可以給學(xué)生一個(gè) model 作為參考，也可以給一個(gè) outline 讓學(xué)生補(bǔ)充，還可以給一個(gè) partly--written version.。 在讓學(xué)生明確了如何將其完成以后，將這個(gè)語篇完成。 在這個(gè)階段，學(xué)生的自由度比在 controlled activities 中有所 增大，為下一步進(jìn)入 free writing 作好準(zhǔn)備。
Task 1: 教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分組討論把 Abraham Lincoln 課文分成幾大部分, 分析出每部分的中心思想：
Part 1: his childhood, family background and education
Part 2: His career
Part 3: His major achievements as a president
Part 4: Reason for fame
教師可由此幫助學(xué)生總結(jié)出人物傳記的內(nèi)容一般包括出生時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、家庭背景、受教育情況、本人性格、主要經(jīng)歷、成名原因等，并讓學(xué)生以此為范文，寫他們熟悉的為人。
教師也可以用下面 outline 幫助學(xué)生整理思路
Task 2:
Name : __________________
Born : ( where ) __________________________ ( when ) __________________________
Background : _________________________________________________
Family life : _________________________________________________
What did she / he do ? _________________________________________
Died : ( where ) _______________________________ ( when ) ______________________
Why is she / he famous ? ______________________________________________
Task 3 :
Jopley is a small town in the nothe of England. It is on the River Ouse, not far from Leeds. The town has a wide main street, with a stone church, the town hall and a cinema. There is a large supermarket in the town center, and many smaller shops and cafe's. Most people in Jopley work in the local factory, which produces farm machinery..
( 1 ) Write a similar paragraph about your hometown. Use these notes :
small village ---- south coast / Narrow street ---- two shops ---- playground
Most people ----- Farmers / Grow vegetables , wheat, flowers
Task 4 : Imagine you are on holiday. Answer the questions below in note form.
Where are you ? ______________________________________
How long have you been on holiday ? ____________________________________
Who are you with ? _____________________________________
Are you having a good time ? ______________________________________
What is the weather like ? _____________________________________
Which sights have you visited ? ______________________________________
Have you done any activities / sports ? ______________________________________
When are you going back home ? _______________________________________
接下來老師可以布置這樣一個(gè)練習(xí) ： Use the notes you have made and write a letter to a friend or family describing your holiday. 這樣練習(xí)給了學(xué)生更大的自由度。 參考文獻(xiàn)： 劉上扶 ： 《英語寫作論》 ， 廣西教育出版社 ， 1998年
包育彬 ： 《 中學(xué)英語教學(xué)策略與藝術(shù)》， 東北師范大學(xué)出版社 ，2000年
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