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使用虛擬語氣應注意的幾個問題
使用虛擬語氣應注意的幾個問題 一
一、虛擬語氣用于條件狀語從句。
1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)時,條件狀語從句中的謂語動詞用“過去式(be的過去式用were)”。而主句中的謂語動詞用“would(should, could, might)+動詞原形” 。例如:If he had time, he would attend the meeting.
2.表示與過去的事實相反的假設(shè)時,條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用“had+過去分詞”,主句中的謂語動詞用“would(should, could, might)+have+過去分詞” 例如:
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the examination.
3、表示與將來事實相反的假設(shè)時,條件從句和主句所用的謂語動詞 與“表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)”的謂語動詞相同,或者條件從句中用“were to (should)+動詞原形”,例如:
If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
4. 當條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時,動詞的形式要依據(jù)它所表示的時間來調(diào)整。例如:
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired.
5.以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式:
1)省略if用“were, had, should+主句”。例如:
Were I in school again, I would work harder.
Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.
但在虛擬條件狀語從句中,省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式,如我們可以說:Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy.
但不能說:Weren’t it for the expense, I would go to Italy.
2)用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。例如:
Without air, there would be no living things.
二、虛擬語氣用于賓語從句
1.“wish+賓語從句”表示不能實現(xiàn)的愿望,漢語可譯為
“可惜……”,“……就好了”,“悔不該……”,“但愿……”等。
表示現(xiàn)在不能實現(xiàn)的愿望,從句的謂語動詞過去式;
表示將來不能實現(xiàn)的愿望,用“would(could)+動詞原形”;
表示過去不能實現(xiàn)的愿望時,用“had+過去分詞”或“(could) would+have+過去分詞”。例如:
I wish it were spring all the year round.
I wish you could go with us.
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
2.虛擬語氣在動詞arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest等后面的賓語從句中用“(should)+動詞原形”。例如:
We suggest that we (should) have a meeting.
We insist that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
注意:只有當insist作“堅持(認為)”,“堅持(應該)”,suggest作“建議”解時,從句的動作發(fā)生在謂語之后,賓語從句才用虛擬語氣。當insist作“力言”,“強調(diào)”,suggest 作“暗示,表明”解時,賓語從句通常不用虛擬語氣。例如:
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
Madame Curie insisted that there was something in nature that gave out radition.
The expression on his face suggested that he was very angry.
三、虛擬語氣用于表語從句、同位語從句
作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動詞一般要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動詞原形�！崩�:
We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.
四、虛擬語氣用于主語從句
在主語從句中,謂語動詞的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)用“should+動詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu),表示驚奇,不相信,惋惜,理應如此等。例如:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that we should clean the room every day.
It was a pity ( a shame, no wonder, etc) that you should be so careless.
It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.) that she should finish her homework this afternoon
五、虛擬語氣在as if (as though), even if (even though)等引導的表語從句或狀語從句中的應用。
如果從句表示的動作發(fā)生在過去,用過去完成時;指現(xiàn)在狀況,則用過去時,指將來則用過去將來時。例如:
He looked as if he were an artist.
He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.
Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.
在上述三種主語從句中,should應意為“應該”,“竟然”,可以省去,但不可換用would,主句所用動詞的時態(tài)不限。注意:這種從句表示的是事實。如果說話人對這種事實表現(xiàn)出驚奇的情感,就可用虛擬語氣。反之,如果不表示驚奇等情感,that 從句也可陳述語氣,例如:
It is strange that he did not come yesterday.
It is a pity that you can’t swim.
六、虛擬語氣用于定語從句
這種從句常用在It is (high) time (that)…句型中,定語從句的謂語動詞用過去式,或should+動詞原形(should不能省略,be 用were)來表示,意為“(現(xiàn)在)該……”。例如:
It is (high) time we left (should leave).
It is high time we were going.
七、虛擬語氣用于if only 引導的感嘆句中
If only I had taken his advice. 我要是聽他的話就好了。
If only I were a bird.我如果是一只鳥就好了。
八、虛擬語氣在簡單句中的應用
1)情態(tài)動詞的過去式用于現(xiàn)在進行時,表示說話人謙虛,客氣,有禮貌或語氣委婉,常出現(xiàn)在日常生活中,例如:
Would you be kind enough to open the door?
2)用于一些習慣表達法中,例如:
Would you like a cup of tea?
I would rather not tell you.
You had better go now.
3)用“may+動詞原形”表示“祝愿”。may 必須置于句首, 使用虛擬語氣應注意的幾個問題例如:
May you be happy!
May you succeed!
練習 選擇最佳答案填空:
1.The guard at the gate insisted that everybody _____ the rules.
A. obeys B. obey C. will obey D. would obey
2. If she had worked harder, she _____.
A. would succeed B. had succeeded
C. should succeed D. would have succeeded
3. I wish I _____ you yesterday.
A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see
4. You didn’t let me drive. If we _____ in turn, you _____ so tired.
A. drove, didn’t get B. were driving, wouldn’t get
C. drove, wouldn’t get D. had driven, wouldn’t have got
5. – I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
-- Oh, did you? You _____ with Barbara.
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
6. I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word.
A. mustn't leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. ought not to have left D. should have left
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